父親的工作地點對孩子的影響有多大？

Fathers’ commuting to work has multiple negative impacts on children’s behavior, a new study said on Monday.

週一，一項最新的研究表明，父親通勤上下班會對孩子的行為產生多種不良影響。

A study conducted by researchers from Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) said children whose fathers commute to work over a long distance tend to have more emotional and social problems.

柏林社會科學中心（WZB）的研究員研究發現，父親的工作地點離家越遠，孩子的情感和社會問題就越嚴重。

Using a representative sample from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, WZB researchers, Jianghong Li and Matthias Pollmann-schult, examined the relationship between fathers’ commute to work and children’s social and emotional well-being at ages 5 to 6 in Germany.

WZB的查詢拜訪員，李江紅以及德國的Matthias Pollmann-schult經由過程德國社會經濟研究小組的樣本數據，研究德國父親通勤上下班與孩子社會和情感問題間的聯繫。

The study has shown that fathers’ daily commute to work was associated with more peer problems in their children two years later.

研究表明，父親離家工作會使孩子產生更多的同齡人問題，不過這些問題會滯後兩年出現。

While daily commuting distance of 40 or more km each way was associated with lower levels of pro-social behaviors, longer daily commuting for 60 km or more each way was linked to more problems with peers.

工作地點離家40多公里遠的，孩子出現社會前問題的機率會小一些。而而工作地點離家60公里甚至更遠的，孩子和同齡人相處時更容易出現矛盾。

According to the study, plausible mechanisms that underpin these negative effects include stress and fatigue associated with long commute to work and the father’s absence in the home, particularly for fathers who commute weekly to work. These factors may lead to poor parenting on the part of both the father and the mother.

這項研究指出，這些負面影響主要是由於父親上下班耗時太久，壓力大，疲勞過度，再加上他們長時間不在家。尤其是那些每週定點上班的父親，這些都會導致父母親對孩子賜顧幫襯不周到。

When stressed and fatigued, parents tend to resort to harsh and inconsistent parenting styles, which in turn causes behavioral and emotional problems in children, said the study.

研究還指出，當父母親壓力過大時，對待子女就會變得很苛刻，在教育孩子的問題上也容易出現分歧。這些都會導致孩子出現情感和行為方面的問題。

Moreover, fathers’ absence from the family during the week can also lead to mother’s stress and affect her parenting behavior due to increased workload in the home without the partner’s support.

而且，父親每週不在家，母親壓力就會過大。由於家務勞動的負擔加大，而且她們無法得到父親的幫助。這會影響到母親教養孩子的行為舉止。

Commuting to work is a common phenomenon in developed countries. Germany ranks the second highest after the Netherlands in terms of average commuting time among the developed European countries.

外出工作在發達國家很常見。在歐洲發達國家中，德國是全球平均通勤時間最長的國家，排名第二的是荷蘭。

The study has been published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues.

《家庭與經濟》雜誌上也刊登了此項研究成果。

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